kHeavyHash Miners

[!NOTE] Do your own research (DYOR). The information presented here was believed to be accurate at the time of creation, but specifications, pricing, and availability can change rapidly. Always verify current information directly with manufacturers and reputable vendors before making purchasing decisions. If you find any information that is incorrect, missing, or out of date, please open a GitHub issue to help keep this documentation current.

Mining research is quickly dated! This research was last updated March 2026.

Bitmain Bitmain

Bitmain is among the largest and longest-established ASIC manufacturers globally, best known for its Antminer brand and dominance in SHA‑256 (Bitcoin) mining. Like other kHeavyHash manufacturers, Bitmain produces dedicated hardware for the algorithm; unlike many of them, it is a vertically integrated giant with a broad product range across multiple algorithms and a large share of Bitcoin hashrate. Bitmain’s KS series (KS3 through KS7) targets the kHeavyHash segment with both older and newer models.

Antminer KS7 (40 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: August 2025; MSRP $3,399–$5,500
  • Hashrate: 36–40 TH/s
  • Power: 2,772 W (36TH) / 3,080 W (40TH)
  • Efficiency: 12.99–13.00 GH/W (0.077 J/GH)

Antminer KS5 Pro (21 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: TBD; MSRP $1,822–$2,430
  • Hashrate: 21 TH/s
  • Power: 3,150 W
  • Efficiency: 6.67 GH/W (0.15 J/GH)

Antminer KS5 (20 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: TBD; ~$9,999 resale
  • Hashrate: 20 TH/s
  • Power: 3,000 W
  • Efficiency: 6.67 GH/W (0.15 J/GH)

Antminer KS3 (8.3–9.4 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: August 2023; Unknown at launch; ~$4,799 resale
  • Hashrate: 8.3–9.4 TH/s
  • Power: 3,188 W or 3,500 W
  • Efficiency: 2.60–2.69 GH/W (0.37–0.38 J/GH)

IceRiver IceRiver

IceRiver is the mining hardware brand of BGIN Blockchain Limited (NASDAQ: BGIN). BGIN is a digital-asset technology company that designs and manufactures cryptocurrency mining hardware and infrastructure. IceRiver is part of a publicly listed parent; unlike Bitmain, it focuses heavily on altcoin algorithms including kHeavyHash (KAS), Blake3 (ALPH), zkSNARK (ALEO), and others. IceRiver offers one of the broadest kHeavyHash lineups—from entry-level KS0/KS0 Pro up through KS7—plus hosting and integrated services. Official shop and product info: iceriver.io.

KS7 (30 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: April 2025; MSRP $1,999
  • Hashrate: 30 TH/s
  • Power: 3,500 W
  • Efficiency: 8.57 GH/W (0.117 J/GH)

KS7 Lite (4.2 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: March–April 2025; MSRP $799
  • Hashrate: 4.2 TH/s
  • Power: 500 W
  • Efficiency: 8.40 GH/W (0.119 J/GH)

KS2 Lite (2 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: October 2024; MSRP $800
  • Hashrate: 2 TH/s
  • Power: 500 W
  • Efficiency: 4.00 GH/W (0.25 J/GH)

KS0 Ultra (400 GH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: June 2024; MSRP $129–$269
  • Hashrate: 400 GH/s
  • Power: 100 W
  • Efficiency: 4.00 GH/W (0.25 J/GH)

KS5M (15 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: May 20, 2024; MSRP $1,799
  • Hashrate: 15 TH/s (±10%)
  • Power: 3,400 W (±10%)
  • Efficiency: ~4.41 GH/W (~0.227 J/GH)

KS5L (12 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: Unknown; MSRP $10,999
  • Hashrate: 12 TH/s
  • Power: ~2,400 W
  • Efficiency: 5.00 GH/W (0.20 J/GH)

KS3 (8 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: Unknown
  • Hashrate: 8 TH/s
  • Power: 3,200 W
  • Efficiency: 2.50 GH/W (0.40 J/GH)

KS3M (6 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: Unknown
  • Hashrate: 6 TH/s
  • Power: 3,400 W
  • Efficiency: ~1.76 GH/W (~0.57 J/GH)

KS2 (2 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: Unknown
  • Hashrate: 2 TH/s
  • Power: 1,200 W
  • Efficiency: ~1.67 GH/W (0.60 J/GH)

KS1 (1 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: Unknown
  • Hashrate: 1 TH/s
  • Power: 600 W
  • Efficiency: ~1.67 GH/W (0.60 J/GH)

KS0 Pro (200 GH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: Unknown
  • Hashrate: 200 GH/s
  • Power: 100 W
  • Efficiency: 2.00 GH/W (0.50 J/GH)

KS0 (100 GH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: Unknown
  • Hashrate: 100 GH/s
  • Power: 65 W
  • Efficiency: ~1.54 GH/W (~0.65 J/GH)

Goldshell Goldshell

Goldshell is the mining hardware brand of Intchains Group Limited (NASDAQ: ICG). Intchains is a publicly traded provider of altcoin mining products, Ethereum holdings, and Web3 applications. Goldshell targets altcoin algorithms rather than Bitcoin; it offers kHeavyHash models such as the KA BOX, KA-BOX Pro, and E-KA1M, alongside rigs for numerous other projects. Goldshell differentiates with products aimed at flexible, multi-algo use (e.g. swappable hash boards) and a focus on “blue‑ocean” altcoin segments. Official store: goldshell.com.

E-KA1M (5.5 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: August 2024; Unknown
  • Hashrate: 5.5 TH/s
  • Power: 1,800 W
  • Efficiency: ~3.06 GH/W (~0.33 J/GH)

KA-BOX Pro (1.6 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: March–June 2024; ~$2,000–$3,000
  • Hashrate: 1.6 TH/s
  • Power: 600 W
  • Efficiency: ~2.67 GH/W (0.375 J/GH)

KA BOX (1.18 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: Unknown
  • Hashrate: 1.18 TH/s
  • Power: 400 W
  • Efficiency: 2.95 GH/W (0.34 J/GH)

DragonBall DragonBall

DragonBall Miner is an independent manufacturer of cryptocurrency mining equipment, with a product line including kHeavyHash models (KS6, KS6 Pro) and machines for RXD (SHA512256d) and ALPH (Blake3). Like Bitmain and IceRiver, DragonBall sells factory-built ASICs and offers hosting; unlike the large, publicly listed players, it operates as a focused hardware vendor without a public parent. The company stresses that Dragon Ball series miners are sold only via its official site and authorized agents—buyers should avoid unsanctioned third‑party channels.

KS6 Pro (10.5 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: June 2024; MSRP $4,570
  • Hashrate: 10.5 TH/s
  • Power: 3,600 W
  • Efficiency: ~2.92 GH/W (~0.34 J/GH)

KS6 (10.5–11 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: Unknown; MSRP $6,990–$10,499
  • Hashrate: 10.5–11 TH/s
  • Power: 3,400–3,600 W
  • Efficiency: ~3.09 GH/W (~0.32 J/GH)

iBeLink iBeLink

iBeLink is the mining brand of Fluxmind International Limited. It produces ASICs for several algorithms, including kHeavyHash (BM-KS Max), Scrypt (e.g. BM-S3), and Nervos (BM-N3 series). Like DragonBall, iBeLink is an independent hardware vendor rather than a listed conglomerate; it emphasizes altcoin mining. The BM-KS Max is its sole kHeavyHash model listed here. Official site: en.ibelink.com.hk.

BM-KS Max (10.5 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: February 2024; MSRP $2,499
  • Hashrate: 10.5 TH/s
  • Power: 3,400 W
  • Efficiency: ~3.09 GH/W (~0.32 J/GH)

WindMiners WindMiners

WindMiners once offered kHeavyHash ASICs (e.g. the K9); at the time of writing, no verified official website or current company information could be found. Aggregators such as ASIC Miner Value do not indicate an active, supported WindMiners operation. We do not recommend purchasing WindMiners hardware; it appears to be an unsupported, likely defunct brand, and buying such equipment carries elevated risk.

K9 (10.5 TH/s)

  • Release Date & MSRP: November 2023; ~$17,599
  • Hashrate: 10.5 TH/s
  • Power: 3,300 W
  • Efficiency: 3.18 GH/W (0.314 J/GH)

GPU / CPU Mining

GPU and CPU mining with BZMiner, GMiner, lolMiner, and similar software predates wide kHeavyHash ASIC availability; figures are historical and vary with drivers, clocks, and power limits. The vendor subsections below mirror the ASIC manufacturer layout—each opens with a short company overview. Specifications for all legacy GPUs and CPUs are consolidated in the kHeavyHash Miner Comparison Table (hashrate and power cells include their units on every row; efficiency is derived from those figures). Primary source for the raw numbers: Kaspa Wiki hashrate tables.

Nvidia

Nvidia is the dominant supplier of discrete GeForce and RTX gaming GPUs and a major vendor of datacenter accelerators historically sold under the Tesla and Quadro brands (many workloads now use RTX‑branded professional cards). Like kHeavyHash ASIC houses, Nvidia ships high‑throughput silicon, but unlike Antminer‑class machines its GPUs are general‑purpose: kHeavyHash performance depends on memory bandwidth, core clocks, power limits, and miner tuning rather than a fixed “stock” figure. Community miners have long targeted CUDA‑capable cards first; see the comparison table for GeForce, Tesla, and Quadro entries from Kaspa‑era reporting.

AMD

AMD competes across Radeon RX discrete GPUs, Ryzen desktop and mobile CPUs, and EPYC server processors, any of which can appear in home or farm rigs running OpenCL‑based miners. Like Nvidia’s lineup, Radeon boards are general accelerators rather than kHeavyHash‑only ASICs; unlike Nvidia’s historical CUDA emphasis, AMD’s stack has often leaned on OpenCL and ROCm, so miner support and optimal settings can differ by algorithm build. CPU entries (Ryzen, and EPYC where reported) sit at far lower MH/s than GPUs but illustrate how the same vendor spans silicon classes; the comparison table lists Radeon and Ryzen models from the Kaspa Wiki era.

Intel

Intel is best known for Core desktop and mobile CPUs and Xeon server chips; for kHeavyHash‑style mining these parts are usually an afterthought next to discrete GPUs. Like AMD’s Ryzen rows, Intel CPUs offer tiny MH/s per socket; unlike GPU mining, there is little headroom from memory bandwidth tuning—figures are included mainly for completeness from community tables. Arc discrete GPUs are not listed in this legacy extract; verify separately if targeting Intel dGPUs with modern miners. Specifications appear in the comparison table.

Other

ARM and RISC‑V cover low‑power SBCs, microcontrollers, and experimental boards that occasionally run CPU miners for education or testing—not farm‑scale kHeavyHash. Like WindMiners‑style oddities in the ASIC list, this category is heterogeneous; unlike x86 desktops, software builds must match the ISA and often lack optimized paths. The Raspberry Pi example in the comparison table is representative of ARM; add RISC‑V SBCs to the same mental bucket when community builds exist. Treat these entries as curiosity baselines rather than purchase guides.

Raspberry Pi Computers

Summary from Raspberry Pi product documentation and product pages. PCIe is a user- or carrier-exposed link (typical generation/lane count); None where no such port exists. MCU boards (Pico) use microcontroller cores, not application-class GPUs or PCIe.

Model SoC CPU GPU PCIe
Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ BCM2837B0 Cortex‑A53 x4 VideoCore IV –
Raspberry Pi 3 Model B BCM2837 Cortex‑A53 x4 VideoCore IV –
Raspberry Pi 3 Model A+ BCM2837 Cortex‑A53 x4 VideoCore IV –
Raspberry Pi 2 Model B Rev x BCM2837 Cortex‑A53 x4 VideoCore IV –
Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W BCM2710A1 Cortex‑A53 x4 VideoCore IV –
Compute Module 3+ BCM2837B0 Cortex‑A53 x4 VideoCore IV –
Compute Module 3 BCM2837 Cortex‑A53 x4 VideoCore IV –
Compute Module Zero BCM2710A1 Cortex‑A53 x4 VideoCore IV –

Orange Pi Computers

Boards listed under Orange Pi’s computer and microcontroller details index. SoC is the part number only (vendor follows from the part). CPU is the advertised core configuration. PCIe is generation × lane count where documented; None / Unknown if not applicable or unclear on the public listing.

Model SoC CPU GPU PCIe
Orange Pi 2G IoT H6 Cortex‑A53 x4 Mali‑T720 MP2 –
Orange Pi 3 H6 Cortex‑A53 x4 Mali‑T720 MP2 Gen2 x1
Orange Pi Lite 2 H6 Cortex‑A53 x4 Mali‑T720 MP2 –
Orange Pi One + H6 Cortex‑A53 x4 Mali‑T720 MP2 –
Orange Pi PC 2 H5 Cortex‑A53 x4 Mali‑450 MP4 –
Orange Pi Prime H5 Cortex‑A53 x4 Mali‑450 MP4 –
Orange Pi RV2 Ky X1 RV64GCVB x8 (RVA22) IMG BXE-2-32 Gen2 x2
Orange Pi Win + A64 Cortex‑A53 x4 Mali‑400 MP2 –
Orange Pi Zero 2 H6 Cortex‑A53 x4 Mali‑T720 MP2 –
Orange Pi Zero 2W H618 Cortex‑A53 x4 Mali‑G31 MP2 –
Orange Pi Zero 3 H618 Cortex‑A53 x4 Mali‑G31 MP2 –

kHeavyHash Miner Comparison Table

This table lists kHeavyHash ASIC miners (TH/s–class) and legacy GPU/CPU hardware (MH/s–class) from the sections above. Each row states hashrate, power, and both efficiency columns with units in the cell so mixed scales are clear. For legacy rows, efficiency (H/W) is MH/W (hashrate in MH/s ÷ power in W); J/GH is power in watts ÷ hashrate in GH/s (equivalently 1000 × W ÷ MH/s). Where both hashrate and power are ranges, the efficiency columns span the best and worst combinations (maximum hashrate ÷ minimum power for the upper MH/W bound, and the reciprocal logic for J/GH).

Manufacturer Model Hashrate Power Efficiency Hashes/Watt Efficiency Joules/GigaHash
Bitmain KS7 36–40 TH/s 2.8–3.1 kW 13.0 GH/W 0.077 J/GH
  KS5 Pro 21 TH/s 3.2 kW 6.67 GH/W 0.15 J/GH
  KS5 20 TH/s 3.0 kW 6.67 GH/W 0.15 J/GH
  KS3 8.3–9.4 TH/s 3.5 kW 2.60 GH/W 0.38 J/GH
IceRiver KS7 30 TH/s 3.5 kW 8.57 GH/W 0.12 J/GH
  KS7 Lite 4.2 TH/s 500 W 8.40 GH/W 0.12 J/GH
  KS2 Lite 2 TH/s 500 W 4.00 GH/W 0.25 J/GH
  KS0 Ultra 400 GH/s 100 W 4.00 GH/W 0.25 J/GH
  KS5M 15 TH/s 3.4 kW 4.41 GH/W 0.23 J/GH
  KS5L 12 TH/s 2.4 kW 5.00 GH/W 0.20 J/GH
  KS3 8 TH/s 3.2 kW 2.50 GH/W 0.40 J/GH
  KS3M 6 TH/s 3.4 kW 1.76 GH/W 0.57 J/GH
  KS2 2 TH/s 1.2 kW 1.67 GH/W 0.60 J/GH
  KS1 1 TH/s 600 W 1.67 GH/W 0.60 J/GH
  KS0 Pro 200 GH/s 100 W 2.00 GH/W 0.50 J/GH
  KS0 100 GH/s 65 W 1.54 GH/W 0.65 J/GH
Goldshell E-KA1M 5.5 TH/s 1.8 kW 3.06 GH/W 0.33 J/GH
  KA-BOX Pro 1.6 TH/s 600 W 2.67 GH/W 0.38 J/GH
  KA BOX 1.18 TH/s 400 W 2.95 GH/W 0.34 J/GH
DragonBall KS6 Pro 10.5 TH/s 3.6 kW 2.92 GH/W 0.34 J/GH
  KS6 10.5–11 TH/s 3.4–3.6 kW 3.09 GH/W 0.32 J/GH
iBeLink BM-KS Max 10.5 TH/s 3.4 kW 3.09 GH/W 0.32 J/GH
WindMiners K9 10.5 TH/s 3.3 kW 3.18 GH/W 0.314 J/GH
———- ———- ——— —— ———— ————-
Nvidia GPU RTX 3090 850–1050 MH/s 150–340 W 2.5–7 MH/W 143–400 J/GH
  RTX 3080 Ti 850–1020 MH/s 150–285 W 2.98–6.8 MH/W 147–335 J/GH
  RTX 3080 750–852 MH/s 120–200 W 3.75–7.1 MH/W 141–267 J/GH
  RTX 3070 Ti 520–639 MH/s 100–160 W 3.25–6.39 MH/W 156–308 J/GH
  RTX 3070 560–618 MH/s 99–212 W 2.64–6.24 MH/W 160–379 J/GH
  RTX 3060 Ti 470–515 MH/s 99–175 W 2.69–5.2 MH/W 192–372 J/GH
  RTX 3060 360–386 MH/s 65–133 W 2.71–5.94 MH/W 168–369 J/GH
  RTX 3050 286–301 MH/s 105–113 W 2.53–2.87 MH/W 349–395 J/GH
  RTX 2080 Ti 445–795 MH/s 109–250 W 1.78–7.29 MH/W 137–562 J/GH
  RTX 2080 Super 505–530 MH/s 125–190 W 2.66–4.24 MH/W 236–376 J/GH
  RTX 2080 468–570 MH/s 105–180 W 2.6–5.43 MH/W 184–385 J/GH
  RTX 2070 Super 274–420 MH/s 59–130 W 2.11–7.12 MH/W 140–474 J/GH
  RTX 2070 328–400 MH/s 59–130 W 2.52–6.78 MH/W 148–396 J/GH
  RTX 2060 Super 225–391 MH/s 60–211 W 1.07–6.52 MH/W 153–938 J/GH
  RTX 2060 305 MH/s 102 W 2.99 MH/W 334 J/GH
  GTX 1660 Ti 130–325 MH/s 75–107 W 1.21–4.33 MH/W 231–823 J/GH
  GTX 1660 Super 264–300 MH/s 60–104 W 2.54–5 MH/W 200–394 J/GH
  GTX 1660 250 MH/s 50 W 5 MH/W 200 J/GH
  GTX 1650 Super 212 MH/s 69 W 3.07 MH/W 325 J/GH
  GTX 1650 55–140 MH/s 50–70 W 0.79–2.8 MH/W 357–1273 J/GH
  GTX 1080 Ti 520–570 MH/s 174–230 W 2.26–3.28 MH/W 305–442 J/GH
  GTX 1080 250–382 MH/s 90–140 W 1.79–4.24 MH/W 236–560 J/GH
  GTX 1070 Ti 335–340 MH/s 120–130 W 2.58–2.83 MH/W 353–388 J/GH
  GTX 1070 240–305 MH/s 60–120 W 2–5.08 MH/W 197–500 J/GH
  GTX 1060 6GB 160–222 MH/s 40–121 W 1.32–5.55 MH/W 180–756 J/GH
  GTX 1060 3GB 170–220 MH/s 75–90 W 1.89–2.93 MH/W 341–529 J/GH
  GTX 1050 Ti 90–115 MH/s 54–90 W 1–2.13 MH/W 470–1000 J/GH
  GT 1030 45 MH/s 30 W 1.5 MH/W 667 J/GH
  Tesla V100 527 MH/s 212–300 W 1.76–2.49 MH/W 402–569 J/GH
  Quadro A4000 557 MH/s 130 W 4.28 MH/W 233 J/GH
  Quadro A2000 165–313 MH/s 44–69 W 2.39–7.11 MH/W 141–418 J/GH
  Quadro P2000 121 MH/s 65 W 1.86 MH/W 537 J/GH
AMD GPU RX 6900 XT 850–1040 MH/s 136–293 W 2.9–7.65 MH/W 131–345 J/GH
  RX 6800 XT 750–880 MH/s 195–255 W 2.94–4.51 MH/W 222–340 J/GH
  RX 6800 700 MH/s 200 W 3.5 MH/W 286 J/GH
  RX 6700 XT 360–450 MH/s 150–190 W 1.89–3 MH/W 333–528 J/GH
  RX 6600 XT 360–380 MH/s 77–170 W 2.12–4.94 MH/W 203–472 J/GH
  RX 6600 250–325 MH/s 58–100 W 2.5–5.6 MH/W 178–400 J/GH
  RX 6500 XT 220 MH/s 90 W 2.44 MH/W 409 J/GH
  RX 5700 XT 135–325 MH/s 50–209 W 0.65–6.5 MH/W 154–1548 J/GH
  RX 5700 141 MH/s 84 W 1.68 MH/W 596 J/GH
  RX 5600 XT 125–133 MH/s 90 W 1.39–1.48 MH/W 677–720 J/GH
  RX 5500 XT 169.5 MH/s 40 W 4.24 MH/W 236 J/GH
  RX 590 190 MH/s 170 W 1.12 MH/W 895 J/GH
  RX 580 8GB 90–111 MH/s 105–110 W 0.82–1.06 MH/W 946–1222 J/GH
  RX 570 165 MH/s 110 W 1.5 MH/W 667 J/GH
  RX 470 135 MH/s 80 W 1.69 MH/W 593 J/GH
  RX 460/560 40 MH/s 45 W 0.89 MH/W 1125 J/GH
  RADEON VII 313–436 MH/s 86–170 W 1.84–5.07 MH/W 197–543 J/GH
AMD CPU Ryzen 9 5950X 25 MH/s 125 W 0.2 MH/W 5000 J/GH
  Ryzen 9 5900X 14 MH/s 83 W 0.17 MH/W 5929 J/GH
Intel CPU i5-11500 30 MH/s 100 W 0.3 MH/W 3333 J/GH
  i7-8700 6.6 MH/s 65 W 0.10 MH/W 9848 J/GH
ARM CPU Cortex-A53 x4 1 MH/s 15 W 0.07 MH/W 15000 J/GH

[!NOTE] Efficiency is shown in two formats. The first is Hashes Per Watt which is the number of hashes that occur for each watt of power. Higher is better, i.e. More hashes for a watt of power. The second is Joules Per Gigahash which is the number of joules conssumed for 1 billion hashes to occur. Lower is better, i.e. Less energy for a gigahash.